https://www.thoughtco.com/out-of-africa-hypothesis-172030 (accessed January 24, 2021). The Concept of Race. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Cann, R. L., M. Stoneking, and A. C. Wilson. 4 days ago. The Out of Africa hypothesis is no exception. For example, selection favoring one locus on the mitochondrial genome affects the entire mitochondrial chromosome because it is inherited together. Races: A Study of the Problems of Race Formation in Man. In the creation of the “Eve Theory” (as the Out of Africa hypothesis was frequently called), this gene tree was interpreted as a population tree and the root was thought to represent a population bottleneck, a massive reduction in population size where variation is greatly reduced. Jackson, J. P., Jr. 2001. Africa is central to both single origin and multiregional models of modern human origin. Fossil and genetic data support the hypothesis that there was gene-flow both between modern and archaic populations, and between geographic groups of modern humans after their emergence. lineages. The oldest known Hss site in the world to date is Jebel Irhoud, in Morocco, where the skeletal remains of five archaic. Omo Kibish (Ethiopia) - Oldest Known Example of Early Modern Humans. … The trees of some genes, particularly those on chromosomes that do not recombine, such as mtDNA and part of the Y chromosome, have shallow roots; other loci have roots that are millions of years old. According to Coon, the five races crossed the threshold between Homo erectus and Homo sapiens at different times, and the length of time that races were in the “sapiens” state was related to their cultural “advancement.” Coon wrote that Europeans and Asians crossed the threshold earlier and Africans and Australians considerably later. One still controversial site reported in early 2018 is Misliya Cave in Israel, said to contain an Hss maxilla associated with full-fledged Levallois technology and dated between 177,000-194,000 BP. P. Mellars and C. B. Stringer, 17–30. ." ThoughtCo uses cookies to provide you with a great user experience. In the twenty years since this early research, genetic analyses have become far more sophisticated; in addition to mtDNA (which, because it does not recombine and is inherited as a single unit, can be considered only one gene), many nuclear genes now contribute to our understanding of human evolution, and the evolutionary models based on genetics have become more complicated. The new evidence argues against a recent population bottleneck (speciation) because many genetic loci did not undergo reduction in variation at that time and there is no evidence of the postspeciation population expansions in Africa that would be expected under the Out of Africa model. "Did Humans First Evolve in Africa?" The pockets of primitive hominids, such as Neanderthals, eventually disappeared. The Out-of-Africa hypothesis proposes that a migration out of Africa happened about 100,000 years ago, in which modern humans of African origin conquered the world and completely replaced the Homo erectus, which had already established itself in regions such as Eurasia. “Reconstructing Human Origins in the Genomic Era.” Nature Reviews Genetics 7: 669–680. 1 See answer rderassa0001 is waiting for your help. . Gunter Bräuer (1978, 1984) subsequently used new evidence to argue that Europeans must be of African descent. _____. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Traductions en contexte de "Out of Africa theory" en anglais-français avec Reverso Context : Before the Out of Africa theory was generally accepted, there was no consensus on where the human species evolved and, consequently, where modern human behavior arose. Therefore, given the same mutation rate, two mitochondria with fewer nucleotide differences would have a more recent common ancestor than two with a larger number of nucleotide differences. Abdelouahed Ben-Ncer, Shara E. Bailey, et al., 546, pages 289–292, Nature, June 8, 2017. Therefore, while current evidence suggests that the Out of Africa speciation model is incorrect, Africa played a predominant role in Pleistocene human evolution and the origin of modern humans. Harpending, H. C. 1996. Montagu, A. ed. The New Scientist, 237(3163):12, ResearchGate, February 2018. Is the Out of Africa Theory Out? "On the Origin of Modern Humans: Asian Perspectives." The fact that some groups left Africa and others didn't doesn't mean non-Africans are superior. John Hawks Weblog, May 6, 2010. The Academy of DNA Genealogy, Newton, USA . ==Supporting Evidence== '''Fossil Evidence:''' The oldest ''Homo sapiens'' fossils are found in Africa around 195,000 years ago. However, the date of retrieval is often important. According to the multiregional model, gene-flow was an integral part of the evolution of modern peoples, dispersing adaptive genes throughout the species, and any one living human is likely to have had Pleistocene ancestors from different parts of the globe. A Beginner's Guide to the Paleolithic Period or Stone Age, Complete Guide to the Denisovans, a Newer Hominid Species, Multiregional Hypothesis: Human Evolutionary Theory, Mousterian: A Middle Stone Age Technology That May Be Outmoded, Manot Cave - Early Modern Humans Out of Africa and Into the Levant, Lactose Intolerance and Lactase Persistence, History of Animal and Plant Domestication, Jebel Irhoud (Morocco). Encyclopedia of Race and Racism. lilbaby2981 lilbaby2981 Answer: After the Muslim majority province of Eastern Bengal and Assam had been created prominent Muslims started seeing it as advantageous. The other groups of archaic humans essentially died out and became evolutionary dead ends. Hirst, K. Kris. The History of Creation, or the Development of the Earth and Its Inhabitants by the Action of Natural Causes. A Popular Exposition of the Doctrine of Evolution in General, and That of Darwin, Goethe, and Lamark In Particular. Such population bottlenecks often accompany speciations, and hence the mtDNA data were thought to reflect the time and place of the birth of the modern human species. Out of Africa theory Homo sapiens arose in Africa and migrated to other parts of the world to replace other hominid species, including Homo Erectus. Probably the most influential site for paleontologists' most recent change in understanding evolutionary processes was the 430,000-year-old Homo heidelbergensis site of Sima de los Huesos in Spain. Over the past decade or so, evidence has been piling up that although pretty much all paleontologists agree that humans did evolve in Africa and move out from there. Is it time to recognise the out of Australasia and Into Africa theory as a superior model? Modern thinking on Out of Africa began in the 1970s with the argument that because fossils phenotypically resembling recent humans are found in Africa earlier than anywhere else, “modern humans” originated there (Protsch 1975). “The ‘Afro-European Sapiens Hypothesis’ and Hominid Evolution in East Asia During the Late Middle and Upper Pleistocene.” In The Early Evolution of Man, with Special Emphasis on Southeast Asia and Africa, ed. _____. However, the many loci that have a recent common ancestor in Africa, as well as the early appearance of many modern skeletal features there, indicate the importance of Africa for the origin of modern humans. Boulder, CO: Westview. Weidenreich, F. 1947. For most, tree versus network thinking as applied to human variation was not a focus of the debate. March, and M. Piperno, 127–132. Their DNA consists of a single chromo-some, which is inherited maternally and does not recombine. By equating gene trees with population trees, tree metaphors are still inappropriately used to reflect relationships between human populations. 2004. Scientific consensus favours this theory (over the multi-regional theory), however, it is still debated whether there was a single exodus out of Africa or several. Thus, the same theory can be used to support conflicting political ideologies. Encyclopedia.com. New York: Knopf. 1998. what is THE 'OUT OF AFRICA' THEORY . This is the account of the discovery of a skull that has the potential to change what we know about human evolution, and a suppression and cover-up which followed. “From Types to Populations: A Century of Race, Physical Anthropology and the American Anthropological Association.” American Anthropologist 105 (1): 63–74. _____. In paleoanthropology, the recent African origin of modern humans, also called the " Out of Africa " theory ( OOA ), recent single-origin hypothesis ( RSOH ), replacement hypothesis, or recent African origin model ( RAO ), is the dominant model of the geographic origin and early migration of anatomically modern humans ( Homo sapiens ). “Facts and Speculations Concerning the Origin of Homo sapiens.” American Anthropologist 49 (2): 187–203. New York: Appleton. “Genetics of Modern Human Origins and Diversity.” Annual Review of Anthropology 27: 1–23. In 1987 biochemist Allan C. W…, “Introduction to the History of the Petty Kings”, “Civil Disobedience” (Resistance to Civil Government), “Rothschild’s Fiddle” and “The Lady with the Dog”, https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/out-africa-hypothesis, Population Genetics and the Problem of Diversity. The inequality of Pleistocene population sizes and the evolutionary consequences of the dominance of African population size have been widely discussed (Harpending, Batzer, and Gurven 1989; Harpending 1996; Relethford 2001; Hawks and Wolpoff 2003). (e.g., ref. Many workers believed in a few (three to five) primary races (such as Africans, Europeans, and Asians), and then multiple “secondary” and “tertiary” races, all of which could be represented as branches, or twigs, on an evolutionary tree (Coon, Garn, and Bird-sell 1950). The Out of Africa hypothesis— the idea of an African origin for a recent modern human species—owes its genesis to interpretations of mtDNA, which suggested that the ancestors of recent humans first appeared in Africa and replaced other populations because they were a new species that did not interbreed (Cann, Stoneking, and Wilson 1987; Stoneking and Cann 1989). Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. "Neandertals Live!" Quaternary International, Volume 463, Part A, ScienceDirect, January 2, 2018. Therefore, while it seems increasingly likely that some gene-flow occurred between African and non-African populations both before and after the emergence of modern humans, and the “new species” version of the Out of Africa hypothesis appears to be incorrect, the importance of Africa as a central region for the evolution of recent humans is well supported. Katerina Douka, Michael D. Petraglia, Vol. 5 days ago. The Out of Africa, or mitochondrial “Eve Theory” as it is also known, has been promoted as underscoring the close relationship between all living humans, and the theory therefore gained ascendancy for sociopolitical reasons as well as scientific ones (Gould 1988). Racial thinking dominated the science of human variation; the human species was thought to be composed of a number of discrete types of people (“races”) who had separate origins (Stanton 1960), and after the rise of Darwinian thinking, separate evolutionary histories (Figure 1). Modern humans have existed for about 200 000 years. The hallmarks of the Out of Africa hypothesis are also addressed by multiregional evolution: Low genetic diversity among human populations is explained through gene-flow rather than recency of origin, and the greater genetic diversity in Africa is explained by larger population size, greater ecological diversity, and natural selection. “A Novel Notion of Neanderthal.” Natural History 97: 16–21. (January 12, 2021). A third and increasingly convincing human migration is the southern dispersal hypothesis, which argues that an additional wave of colonization occurred between those two better-known pulses. Modern man coming out of Africa interbred with the Neanderthal in the Middle East. _____, Wu Xinzhi, and A. G. Thorne. _____, and M. H. Wolpoff. Gould, S. J. Race is intricately involved in human origin theories because these theories address the origin and nature of human biological variation. Sarich and Miele (2004), for example, have argued that since the species is young, “race” must be biologically important: With little time for differences to accrue, there must have been isolation, strong selection, and different evolutionary histories. “Mitochondrial DNA and Human Evolution.” Nature 325: 31–36. O. Bar-Yosef, L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, R. J. Wolpoff, M. H. 1989. Therefore, Out of Africa (or a population bottleneck at speciation) is only one of many possible explanations for the genetic observations of loci with shallow rooted gene trees (Garrigan and Hammer 2006; Templeton 1998, 2002; Relethford 1998, 2001). “African Origins of Human Mitochondrial DNA.” In The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans, ed. The Upper Herto Member (160,000 years BP) contained three hominin crania identified as Hss, associated with Middle Stone Age Acheulean transition tools, including, A single dispersal during MIS 5 (130,000–74,000 BP), A single dispersal during MIS 3 (60,000–24,000 BP). 456-459, Science, January 26, 2018. The Leopard’s Spots: Scientific Attitudes Toward Race in America 1815–59. Vol. Sarich, V., and F. Miele. Advances in gene sequencing technology in the 1980s provided the techniques to sequence the mitochondrial genome, and Rebecca Cann initially compared mtDNA variants from representatives of several different populations. 44:533-556, Annual Reviews, October 2015. 2006. Coon, C. S. 1963. “Out of Africa Again and Again.” Nature 416:45–51. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 69: 145–165. Imagine you could travel back fifty thousand years when the first humans were venturing out of Africa into Asia and southern Europe. In paleoanthropology, the recent African origin of modern humans, also called the "Out of Africa" theory (OOA), recent single-origin hypothesis (RSOH), replacement hypothesis, or recent African origin model (RAO), is the dominant model of the geographic origin and early migration of anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens). Gerhard W. Weber, Rolf Quam, et al., Vol. Growing archaeological and genetic evidence supports this migration from southern Africa following the coasts eastward and into South Asia. Christine Hertler, Ingo Timm, et al., Volume 413, Part B, ScienceDirect, August 22, 2016. Workers differed on the number and constituents of different racial groups and when in the past they shared a common ancestor, but the “tree” model of human variation, implicit in the race concept, generally prevailed (Caspari 2003). ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/out-of-africa-hypothesis-172030. _____, S. M. Garn, and J. There are different versions of “Out of Africa,” but its major tenet is that modern humans originated as a discrete population or species that rapidly expanded and replaced archaic humans that were indigenous to other parts of the Old World: Homo erectus (or its descendents) in East and South Asia, and Neanderthals in Europe. ThoughtCo. The Out of Africa theory describes a much simpler and recent evolution of modern humans, moving from Africa to Eurasia and then globally. It argues that every living human being is descended from a small group of Homo sapiens (abbreviated Hss) individuals in Africa, who then dispersed into the wider world, meeting and displacing earlier forms such as Neanderthals and Denisovans. Bigger Image. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. It has to be 200 words! Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/out-of-africa-hypothesis-172030. To this day Out of Africa, is widely accepted theory among scientists. The “Out of Africa” hypothesis of modern human origins emerged in the mid-1980s, when paleoanthropologists such as Günter Bräuer in Germany (e.g., ref. It argues that every living human being is descended from a small group of Homo sapiens (abbreviated Hss) individuals in Africa, who then dispersed into the wider world, meeting and displacing earlier forms such as Neanderthals and Denisovans. For many historical reasons, and perhaps some psychological ones, race impacts our understanding of human variation in a circular way: Folk (or social) understandings of variation (race) influence science, and conversely, science has been used to validate social meanings of race (Wolpoff and Caspari 1997). New York: Alan R. Liss. The genetic backing of the “Out of Africa Theory” strongly supports the legitimacy of the theory, and provides evidence that it is a legitimate theory of how modern humans came to populate the earth. It starred Meryl Streep and Robert Redford and was known for its beautiful cinematography. "Did Humans First Evolve in Africa?" Moore, J. H. 1994. “Tales of the Phylogenetic Woods: The Evolution and Significance of Evolutionary Trees.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 56 (4): 411–429. Gene trees, like evolutionary trees in general, are hierarchical structures based on a particular gene or locus (these may be single nucleotides, haplotypes, genes, or the entire genome, which can be practical when the genome is short); variants of a gene that share more mutations are clustered together. However, at the beginning of the Pleistocene 1.8 million years ago, soon after the emergence of the genus, Homo, hominids are found outside of Africa. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Developed by Franz Weidenreich (1947) as “polycentric theory” in the 1940s, it differed from the prevailing evolutionary models in being network based rather than tree based; it was a reticulating model depicting the evolution of human populations as an intraspecific process, with gene-flow at its core. The Out of Africa hypothesis, the theory of a recent unique African origin for the modern human species, was supported by early interpretations of the variation of mtDNA (Cann, Stoneking, and Wilson 1987; Stoneking and Cann 1989). This gene signature is best interpreted as being the result of an encounter between the two population somewhere in Northeast Australasia. 358, Issue 6368, eaai9067, Science, December 8, 2017 the Extinction of Neandertals. ” quaternary,. Neanderthals, eventually disappeared Race Formation in Man from Africa to Eurasia and then to... Image shows nomadic peoples migration to other parts of the hominins brain was associated increasing... 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